Analysis Of The Movie Corridos - 862 Words

Casas 2 Struggles I grew up in a Mexican family listening to corridos, which are a type of song, due to the fact that at every party, every celebration, and every occasion, that’s what the family would play. As I became more aware and conscious, I began to realize what these songs were actually saying. Corridos are a narrative song that showcase topics such as poverty, hard times, success, immigration, social and political problems, and/or life in general. A prominent and recurring theme that I saw developing throughout several corridos is immigration. Numerous songs, were expressing strong feelings whom many many undocumented Mexicans (or now U.S. residents/citizens), including my parents and other family members shared regarding they’re citizenship status, how they were being discriminated against, and ultimately how they were feeling about this whole situation. Feelings of anger were voiced, as they dialogue about how America was born free, how man divided it, and how essentially they too are as much as American as â€Å"real† Americans. For the reason they undoubtedly worked hard for what they accomplished with blood, sweat, and tears. In addition, even being first generation Mexican American, I too can relate to the struggle, having to work twice as hard just because I do not look a certain way. Furthermore, they talk about how they just came to America to work, to provide a better living situation for their families. Ultimately, they were running away from poverty. In

Cartels Oligopolies And The Global Drug Market - 1661 Words

Cartels: Oligopolies in the Global Drug Market Through my collection of the press coverage I became critical how one-sided the media can be. I do not think they are intentional, but I do not think that many of the writers do not understand the underlining consequences that a set political structure can have on an economy. In the Unites States today President Trump has his own economic agenda that manifested itself through various policies, which he has enacted since day one of his Presidency. Two of these policies are directed towards ending the epidemic of Opioids and targeting organized crime. However, I believe trump is not only interested in saving people from drug overuse, but he is also interested in expanding the United States†¦show more content†¦Trump’s second goal was to increase the budget for the Department of Justice also. The blueprint provides an increase of $175 million to target criminal organizations and drug traffickers. Overall, this article appraises Trump and emphasis how his budget is making an effort to prioritize the urgent concerns of his supporters, since most of his voter poll were those that based on geographical locations (southern, white, low-income) have been affected by the opioid epidemic greater. However, I think that this news outlet is being biased and is applauding Trump for allegedly keeping his word as a politician when he really isn’t. For example, when looking more critically into his budget blueprints his intentions are far more economical than what the Washington Examiner covered. First, when he thinks about how to treat the overuse of Opioids he believes that investing into treatments that simply up the dose (of opioid like medications) such as, heavy-painkillers and anti-depressants is proper. In other words, to ease their desire for opioids an addict in the South can go into a local treatment pharmaceuticals facility and receive new empowered-pain killers (opioids o n steroids) that will ease them in that moment, but not in the long run. Trump is not alleviating the opioid crisis, like the article presents he is. Instead,Show MoreRelatedEconomic Structure of Opec968 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Global Manager By: Maria A. Journiette August 31, 2007 Many companies operate under a monopoly which gives them an edge or a corner on the market. In this discussion we will focus on the differences between a monopoly, oligopoly, and a cartel. We will also look at what game theory is and its affect on monopolies and cartels and the welfare affect of each of the above mentioned. 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Evard Munch’s “The Scream” Free Essays

Analysis of Edvard Munch’s â€Å"The Scream† Just a few months ago, a painting by the famous Norwegian painter Edvard Munch titled â€Å"The Scream†, was sold in an auction for an unprecedented $120 million American dollars. Even at first glance, it is easy to notice why this artwork is so valuable and iconic. The vibrant colors used in the painting along with the emotions it conveys all stand out very distinctly. We will write a custom essay sample on Evard Munch’s â€Å"The Scream† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The screaming man’s expression, the colors, as well as the swirling motion of the sky, work together to invoke in its audience primal feelings. Initial impressions of the painting are often those feelings associated with the sublime, foreboding, angst, and a bit of terror, thrown in for good measure. All in all, this very famous expressionist piece of art is trying to express to its audience the absolute fearsomeness and awesomeness in nature. â€Å"The Scream† is a contrast between the vastness and majesty of nature and the insubstantiality of mankind. â€Å"The Scream† was painted by Norwegian artist, Edvard Munch between 1893 and 1910 during the Expressionist period. According to Dictionary. com, expressionism is, â€Å" a style of art developed in the 20th century, characterized chiefly by heavy, often black lines that define forms, sharply contrasting, often vivid colors, and subjective or symbolic treatment of thematic material† (dictionary. com). During this period, artists such as Munch put heavy emphasis on perspectives of the individual as well as emotional angst. The painting itself was painted on a cardboard canvas with oils and is roughly 36 inches high by 28. inches wide. The size of the painting shows that the â€Å"screaming† figure in the foreground is very close to lifesize, which makes it the focal point of attention, and causes the audience to first notice the figure and its chilling expression followed by the stark contrasts of light and dark behind the figure, and it is here where the painting derives much of its emotion. Behind the â€Å"screaming† man is a river which flows into the night, which bleeds in to day. Munch’s use of light and dark colors seems to represent calm and anguish, respectively. In the background of the painting are two figures walking into the the horizon, not paying any mind to the blood-red sky nor the despairing man screaming on the bridge. The figures walking away could be seen as Munch’s emphasis on the individual’s perspective. The screaming man is the individual and he realizes both the benevolence and malevolence of nature and can do nothing but scream. The two featureless figures in the background could represent Munch’s expression of the group or group mentality, who are only concerned with their daily lives and are completely unaware of the daunting vastness of nature presented right before their eyes. Perhaps this is Munch’s way to describe how he feels about society as a whole. He feels disconnected from the group as only he notices the horror about his surroundings. Only he sees the violence in the landscape. The direction of the painting seems to be counter-clockwise, originating from the screamer’s head. The reason for this could be that Munch was showing us that perhaps the â€Å"screaming† man is projecting his realities outward, as it spreads from the river to the bloodstained skies. According to the Art History Guide, â€Å"Munch suffered from agoraphobia, which could explain why the vast open space in the background gives the feeling of being overhwhelm[ed]† (Arthistoryguide. com). This would also explain the main figure’s expression of fear and anxiety. The reason why Munch painted this piece has been debated throughout the years. However, sometimes some explanations can be the most obvious ones. In an article found on Wikipedia, regarding the painting, it describes how Munch wrote, â€Å"†I was walking down the road with two friends when the sun set; suddenly, the sky turned as red as blood. I stopped and leaned against the fence, feeling unspeakably tired. Tongues of fire and blood stretched over the bluish black fjord. My friends went on walking, while I lagged behind, shivering with fear. Then I heard the enormous, infinite scream of nature. † (Wikipedia. org). Judging by the main figure’s pose, with his hands covering his ears in shock, one can assume that when he heard nature’s scream, it was deafeningly loud. The sheer intensity of the volume along with the traumatic experience of existential angst is what is, most likely, producing the look of terror on the main figure’s face. His facial expression is a very good translation of what Munch’s idea of absolute terror might be. The colors in the background support this idea further through Munch’s choice of powerful, expressive colors. The deep crimson hues give off a feeling of danger, paranoia, and anxiety while the dark blues relates to loneliness or sadness. The terror is further exemplified with the figures in the background, his â€Å"companions†, completely oblivious to the intense derangement the central figure is experiencing. Human beings have an innate need to be accepted or to belong, as such, the isolation, loneliness, and terror the screaming figure was exhibiting must have been so abstract and profound that it could only be expressed in â€Å"The Scream†. In summary, Edvard Munch’s masterpiece, â€Å"The Scream† is a painting that screams emotion. It was the style and composition that sparked the Expressionist movement in the late eighteenth century, which, in turn, evoked numerous other styles. With just one painting, Munch was able to portray an entire spectrum of human emotion ranging from calm to almost the violently sublime. It is no doubt that such a work was sold for a large fortune because of how iconic and breathtaking this painting is. It represents a distant memory of an expressive period of time in human history where not everything was soap dramas, commercials, and the internet. It represented a time of artistic inspiration, an understanding and observance of something truly monolithic and omnipotent, nature. Works Cited â€Å"Expressionism. † Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. â€Å"The Scream by Edvard Munch: Art History Picture of the Painting. † The Scream by Edvard Munch: Art History Picture of the Painting. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Edvard Munch. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 June 2012. Web. 03 Jan. 2013. How to cite Evard Munch’s â€Å"The Scream†, Papers Evard Munch’s â€Å"The Scream† Free Essays Analysis of Edvard Munch’s â€Å"The Scream† Just a few months ago, a painting by the famous Norwegian painter Edvard Munch titled â€Å"The Scream†, was sold in an auction for an unprecedented $120 million American dollars. Even at first glance, it is easy to notice why this artwork is so valuable and iconic. The vibrant colors used in the painting along with the emotions it conveys all stand out very distinctly. We will write a custom essay sample on Evard Munch’s â€Å"The Scream† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The screaming man’s expression, the colors, as well as the swirling motion of the sky, work together to invoke in its audience primal feelings. Initial impressions of the painting are often those feelings associated with the sublime, foreboding, angst, and a bit of terror, thrown in for good measure. All in all, this very famous expressionist piece of art is trying to express to its audience the absolute fearsomeness and awesomeness in nature. â€Å"The Scream† is a contrast between the vastness and majesty of nature and the insubstantiality of mankind. â€Å"The Scream† was painted by Norwegian artist, Edvard Munch between 1893 and 1910 during the Expressionist period. According to Dictionary. com, expressionism is, â€Å" a style of art developed in the 20th century, characterized chiefly by heavy, often black lines that define forms, sharply contrasting, often vivid colors, and subjective or symbolic treatment of thematic material† (dictionary. com). During this period, artists such as Munch put heavy emphasis on perspectives of the individual as well as emotional angst. The painting itself was painted on a cardboard canvas with oils and is roughly 36 inches high by 28. inches wide. The size of the painting shows that the â€Å"screaming† figure in the foreground is very close to lifesize, which makes it the focal point of attention, and causes the audience to first notice the figure and its chilling expression followed by the stark contrasts of light and dark behind the figure, and it is here where the painting derives much of its emotion. Behind the â€Å"screaming† man is a river which flows into the night, which bleeds in to day. Munch’s use of light and dark colors seems to represent calm and anguish, respectively. In the background of the painting are two figures walking into the the horizon, not paying any mind to the blood-red sky nor the despairing man screaming on the bridge. The figures walking away could be seen as Munch’s emphasis on the individual’s perspective. The screaming man is the individual and he realizes both the benevolence and malevolence of nature and can do nothing but scream. The two featureless figures in the background could represent Munch’s expression of the group or group mentality, who are only concerned with their daily lives and are completely unaware of the daunting vastness of nature presented right before their eyes. Perhaps this is Munch’s way to describe how he feels about society as a whole. He feels disconnected from the group as only he notices the horror about his surroundings. Only he sees the violence in the landscape. The direction of the painting seems to be counter-clockwise, originating from the screamer’s head. The reason for this could be that Munch was showing us that perhaps the â€Å"screaming† man is projecting his realities outward, as it spreads from the river to the bloodstained skies. According to the Art History Guide, â€Å"Munch suffered from agoraphobia, which could explain why the vast open space in the background gives the feeling of being overhwhelm[ed]† (Arthistoryguide. com). This would also explain the main figure’s expression of fear and anxiety. The reason why Munch painted this piece has been debated throughout the years. However, sometimes some explanations can be the most obvious ones. In an article found on Wikipedia, regarding the painting, it describes how Munch wrote, â€Å"†I was walking down the road with two friends when the sun set; suddenly, the sky turned as red as blood. I stopped and leaned against the fence, feeling unspeakably tired. Tongues of fire and blood stretched over the bluish black fjord. My friends went on walking, while I lagged behind, shivering with fear. Then I heard the enormous, infinite scream of nature. † (Wikipedia. org). Judging by the main figure’s pose, with his hands covering his ears in shock, one can assume that when he heard nature’s scream, it was deafeningly loud. The sheer intensity of the volume along with the traumatic experience of existential angst is what is, most likely, producing the look of terror on the main figure’s face. His facial expression is a very good translation of what Munch’s idea of absolute terror might be. The colors in the background support this idea further through Munch’s choice of powerful, expressive colors. The deep crimson hues give off a feeling of danger, paranoia, and anxiety while the dark blues relates to loneliness or sadness. The terror is further exemplified with the figures in the background, his â€Å"companions†, completely oblivious to the intense derangement the central figure is experiencing. Human beings have an innate need to be accepted or to belong, as such, the isolation, loneliness, and terror the screaming figure was exhibiting must have been so abstract and profound that it could only be expressed in â€Å"The Scream†. In summary, Edvard Munch’s masterpiece, â€Å"The Scream† is a painting that screams emotion. It was the style and composition that sparked the Expressionist movement in the late eighteenth century, which, in turn, evoked numerous other styles. With just one painting, Munch was able to portray an entire spectrum of human emotion ranging from calm to almost the violently sublime. It is no doubt that such a work was sold for a large fortune because of how iconic and breathtaking this painting is. It represents a distant memory of an expressive period of time in human history where not everything was soap dramas, commercials, and the internet. It represented a time of artistic inspiration, an understanding and observance of something truly monolithic and omnipotent, nature. Works Cited â€Å"Expressionism. † Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. â€Å"The Scream by Edvard Munch: Art History Picture of the Painting. † The Scream by Edvard Munch: Art History Picture of the Painting. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Edvard Munch. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 June 2012. Web. 03 Jan. 2013. How to cite Evard Munch’s â€Å"The Scream†, Essay examples

Great Gatsby Ch 7 Summary Essay Example For Students

Great Gatsby Ch 7 Summary Essay The Great Gatsby – Chapter 7 SummaryChapter 7 was another important chapter in this book, it started off with Gatsby deciding to call off his parties, which he had held primarily to lure Daisy. He has also fired his servants to prevent gossip, and replaced them with connections of Meyer Wolfsheim.On the hottest day of the summer, Nick drives to East Egg for lunch at Tom and Daisys house. When the nurse brings in Tom and Daisys baby girl, Gatsby is stunned. During the awkward afternoon, Gatsby and Daisy cannot hide their love for one another, and Tom finally notices their situation. After finally realizing the situation, Tom agrees with Daisys suggestion that they should all go to New York together. Nick rides with Jordan and Tom in Gatsbys car; Gatsby and Daisy ride together in Toms car. Stopping for gas at Wilsons garage, Nick, Tom, and Jordan learn that Wilson has discovered his wifes affair and plans to move her to the West. Nick perceives that Tom and Wilson are in the same position. Tom begins his confrontation with Gatsby by mocking his habit and the fact that he claimed he went to Oxford. Tom asks Gatsby about his intentions with Daisy, and Gatsby replies that Daisy loves him, not Tom. Tom claims that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could not possibly understand. He then accuses Gatsby of running a bootlegging operation. Daisy, who began the afternoon in love with Gatsby, feels herself moving closer and closer to Tom as she watches the confrontation. Tom realizes he has won, and sends Daisy back to Long Island with Gatsby to prove Gatsbys inability to hurt him. As the confrontation ends, Nick realizes that today is his thirtieth birthday. Back at Toms house, Nick waits outside, and finds Gatsby hiding in the bushes. Gatsby says he waited to make sure Tom would not hurt Daisy. He tells Nick that Daisy was driving when the car struck Myrtle, but that he, Gatsby, will take the blame. Still worried about Daisy, Gatsby sends Nick to check on her. Nick finds Tom and Daisy eating cold fried chicken and talking. They have put aside their differences, and Nick leaves Gatsby standing alone in the moonlight. Book Reports

The entity of mankind Essay Example

The entity of mankind Essay The entity of mankind is a broad phenomenon, which is characterized by various social interactions among the people. With the aspect of this interaction, the concept of dramaturgical concept of human social interaction is therefore given an important approach. Through this interaction therefore, the human coexistence is maintained with various relations developing among the society and its people. The society has to live in peace, harmony and tranquility if eternity of man is to be promised. This is however provided by the social interaction phenomenon that people affiliate in their day-to-day life. However, societal imbalance of lack of equity and equality compromise the success of the peace and harmony. This is captured or developed when the society has some inequalities in the distribution, use, and exploitation of its scarce resources. With these aspects, sociological problems will develop that help to institute the society back to a state of normality where a focus of how the so ciety can be brought back to stability is thus assured. Various sociological theories will develop as a substance of instituting various states of foundations to cater for the varying states of the societal imbalance. Depending on the social aspects affecting or working within a societal setting therefore, various theories will consequently match to safeguard an interest in explaining how various aspects within the scope of the society interact with each other in a cordial state of establishing harmony and stability within the society. With regard to the nature of the society therefore, the great encounters in intensity of state of affairs therefore leads to various interaction circumstances. Depending therefore on the image brought by such interaction, various theories will therefore work in striking a substantial harmony within the society. Such various, sociological legacies are conflicts and their resolution, equality and equity issues, gender and gender stereotypes, modern changes versus the traditional (ancient) phenomenon above other schools of thought that work within the society. In all this aspects, the people will interact with each in   solving various conflicts issues, enjoying the success of their activities and performing various activities that help to develop the society more for a more enjoyable environment for their living. Either, different sociological theories will be applicable to different groups of person within the society, depending on the gender, social class, occupational disciplines, relational circumstance, religious diversities, cultural imageries and educational backgrounds among others. (Bartos, Wehr, 2002, p. 67-76) We will write a custom essay sample on The entity of mankind specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The entity of mankind specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The entity of mankind specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Perhaps, the family is not an exception to some of these sociological theories. In its daily activities, the family is faced with various movements that define its growth, developments and existences. Different issues within the family are solved varied with every aspect within its structures calling for various sociological theories to explain them. Due to the diversity in attributes within the family members, social imbalance is highly pronounced with various conflicts arising from such phenomena. Either, with respect to the various goals and objectives of the family, sociological differences will normally arise. Other factors yielding to such indifferences are gender, equity and inequality, indifferences in the play roles by various family members which therefore state the various function components of these persons, religious diversities, and other various social ingredients that compromise the stable state of affairs within the family. However, with the importance of the family within the society, it’s important to solve the social family issues within its frontiers in a manner that ensures the existence of the family and the society as a whole. In its various strategies to form an interactive phenomenon within its members, the family will entail the use of some specific tools aimed at solving such indifference. However, sociologically the different pursuits of formulating ways and methodologies for application within the coexistence of the family involve the application of sociological theories. With the many types and perspectives of such theories, each can therefore be adequately used to explain a certain case of problem. Such theories are usually theoretical frameworks of a complex nature which help the sociologists in explaining and also analyzing in different dimension on how social structures, process and actions work together. For the purpose of this work however, these theories will be limited to the conflict theory and the way it can be used to analyze the aspects within a family. In a family, there are various social issues affecting it, such cases as conflicts on duty and role play, divorce, the status of different persons within the family, modernization and the family, religious conflicts and other various issues affecting it. Within the structure of the family therefore, different conflict will develop in regard to how the people should respond in doing different activities. Disagreements will therefore bring with them various social conflicts at the center of the state of the family which results to indifferences and disharmony in misunderstanding by the family members. With the family problems however been too divergent, this study will only for us on the relation of the conflict theory and the aspect of duty and role play by different members of the family. Despite the many social problems affecting the family, inadequacy and inefficiency by the different family members failing to play their different roles perhaps can be attributed as the main problem behind all other problem aspects operating within the family. As the unity of the society, the family is comprised of different members such as the parents and children whom to each are an allotted duty and role he/she should play. However, many are the times when such duties go undone. This is the begging of social problems calling for conflict within such a family. (Paquette, 2000, p. 46-58) In their daily movements therefore, the conflict theory will ultimately come into operation to define the various regulations that may guide the family in its structural bond. The conflict theory forms part of the various sociological theories, in which members within the societal setup or their structural organization will formulate functional relationships leading to each of the participants within the group struggling for the most maximum benefit thus leading to various social changes of revolutions, structural developments and changes in politics. Its application is most attributed in explaining the various developing conflicts acting between different groups, social classes and other social phenomena such as between the socialists and capitalists. It is an argument against the theory of functionalism with its consideration of the idea that, people within the society and their organization will work in a functional capacity to yield to each playing specific role within such societies which equals the functional relations of the different parts of the body. With the various states activities within an organization or the society, the various components of parties cannot however work harmoniously with one another due to the various differences affecting them. With such an aspect therefore the society cannot work harmoniously as an organ. The resulting consequences are various conflicts that occur between the people within the society or organization To the family, the same issues of conflict will therefore arise in the active process of the people within it trying to perform their duties. Either, during the various struggles to have the most benefit within its operation, conflict is also born. Such cases hinder the various social corporations by the family members. In the conflict theory, there are the various radical assumptions of the society been under an external conflict which will ultimately result to a series of social changes. Due to the interactive conflict within the society therefore, one effect will lead to a displacement in the normal circumstances resulting to the related social changes that arise as a result of the conflict circumstances. With this aspect therefore, the society will embrace a new standard of environment in the societal make up replenishing the existing state. Automatically, the ancient look of their society will therefore develop a new outlook and focus on the new developments will therefore amount to various generations of guiding stereotypes within the society. Either, conflict theory assumptions can be moderate which defines how societal or family conflict and their customers are interlinked. Here, with the moderate assumption, they normally assume that functionalism will still work in explaining the activity of the people within a society. Under the moderate understanding of the society therefore, the conflict theory can have an attribute of a cordial work within the people. To the family therefore it could be assumed to have specific roles for each member that helps them to work with harmony to one another and bring a stable state of agreement between these members. Clear establishments of the conflict theory are explained in the pyramid structure where the elite body is a dictator to the normal people/large masses within the society. This is perhaps clearly defined in the family set up where the decisions regarding such a family are made by a certain person. This person will thus formulate various dictations to the others in regard on how they should perform their duties. To the conflict theory, the persons who have been existing in power within their institutions, the traditional society and the law of the society are highly supported by this theory. The society morals and behaviour above concepts of deviance are predominantly explained by this theory. In which the establishment, exercise and performance of moral concepts is through the activity of the social conflict in the foundations of the moral setups. It is argued that, the society moral conceptions are founded on conflicting authorities that work to cause a conflict in their existence. With this aspect, it forms moral deviance and only working to undermine the peaceful structure of the society. With its diversity in application, it can therefore be applied at various levels both at the national level (micro level) and the family, society level (micro level) The theory is allied to some specific and basic assumptions that are dominantly expressed during its exercise. Perhaps, the most pronounced assumption in this theory is that of competition. This assumes that the people in a society, family or organization will actively compete for the few scarce resources which cause such conflicts. Naturally, mankind is characterized to be highly competitive. Elsewhere, the theory assumes of the existence of structural inequalities within the society or social structures. Consequently, inequalities develop in rewarding system and horror of power to lead to various states of benefits to the people in the various social structures. In theory, revolution is what develops from the effect of conflict. With the various social classes forming competitions, different people will thus form different adaptive strategies toward these changes. Such changes are however characterized as been revolutionary and also highly abrupt rather than them been evolutionary. With the conflict, a war of struggle consequently develops. (Schlee, Guther, 2004, p. 22) To the family set up therefore, this theory adequately explain the existence of conflict between the roles to be played by the different members of the family. For the different members of the family therefore, so will the different duties and roles of each become different. The harmony state of the family defines its continuity in the society. The parents have various duties like provision of basic needs such as security, education, love, procreation of children above others. The children also have various roles and duties to play. However, with regard to such specific goals, the various members will thus develop a disharmony with one another in the inefficiency, inadequacy, failure of support and low profile contribution toward the success of the family. Between the parents themselves, there is the lack of adequate performance of the duties where the mother or the father may act irresponsibly towards providing support for the family. Either, they may develop low interest profile to wards the upright upbringing of the family. The resulting consequences would thus be blame between the parents themselves and between the children and the parents. Either, children may fail to perform the required aspects towards the family by themselves. Hereby, there will be an inadequacy in whatever is required of them for a smooth running of the family. With this developing low profile in the performance of the family brought by there children, a blame will therefore develop.   In this case, the parents are blamed of their contribution towards their failure.   Blame will also develop between the children themselves for their contribution role to the family failure. At the family place therefore, a series of blame will be the subject within the family environment. By conflict theory also, failure and inadequacy to perform the respective duties by the family members can also be explained by the underlying assumption to this theory. Firstly, with regard to the scarcity of resources within a family set up, the members will focus on competition for these resources. The resulting consequence is conflict to the inequality in the allocation of these resources. This leads to low activity performance by the members. Naturally, the family like any other organization is bound to having limited scale of its resources. This follows a suit to the laws of nature which dictates that the society is supplied with the resources at a scarce factor Either, structural inequality is highly evident within the family set up, where different members are more challenged in embracing the family benefits than others. Consequently, a state of instability prevails in such circumstances where some members fight for the redemption of equality. Through various inequalities, different family members will be more privileged to having more benefits than others. Gender discrimination may arise from the parents to the children with some children having more benefits from the parents than others. This will be the birth of family conflicts. With the various interests developing from these inequalities, some members will be less motivated to perform their duties than others bringing into operation the conflict theory with the family frontiers. With the above resulting conflicts, the family embraces various structural changes. The state of instability born of such states of conflict leads to the development of various adoptions by various members to help adapt adequately to the changing versions of the family structure. Therefore, one aspect will lead to the other, with changing roles, duties and contributions towards the family changing. This is the start of a new revolution towards the family destiny. The family structure will thus change consequently leading to other structural therapies and changing scenarios within the family. Such changes are the leading consequences towards the revolution within the family setup. It will therefore develop from one state to another embracing the various changes born by the conflict within its premises. The resulting of the above disagreements is the beginning of struggle, war and disagreements between the family members. Blame leads to dissatisfaction, where this dissatisfaction leads to disagreements and war into operation. This implies the operations in the basics of the conflict theory within the family set up in solving the problem of duty and role play by the different members.

Sentence Flow

Sentence Flow Sentence Flow Sentence Flow By Maeve Maddox David writes: I was wondering if you could share your thoughts on how to flow from sentence to sentence. I feel mine can be a bit jumpy as I tell the story. Much is written about â€Å"transition sentences,† that is, sentences that bridge paragraphs, but that’s not what this question is about. This question is about what a writer can do to avoid writing paragraphs that all progress to a beat of dumpty-dumpty-dump. Two things contribute to the flow of sentences within a paragraph: 1. sentence length 2. logical progression of thought In browsing my shelves for examples, I realized that some very popular writers don’t seem to share David’s concern regarding â€Å"jumpy† narration. Here’s a typical paragraph from Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code: Langdon and Sophie stepped into another world. The small room before them looked like a lavish sitting room at a fine hotel. Gone were the metal and rivets, replaced with oriental carpets, dark oak furniture, and cushioned chairs. On the broad desk in the middle of the room, two crystal glasses sat beside an opened bottle of Perrier, its bubbles still fizzing. A pewter pot of coffee steamed beside it. Not a complex sentence in sight. It doesn’t seem to matter if Brown is being reflective or describing action. Most of his sentences are simple or compound. Here and there the reader comes across a noun clause introduced by that, or a an adverb clause introduced by as or as if. Mostly it’s dumpty-dumpty-dump. Yes, Dan Brown is a wildly successful writer and I’m happy for him. His gift, however, is story-telling, not writing style. Here are two examples from a novel by a writer who is both an effective story-teller and a fine stylist. The first is a paragraph in which the narrator is reflecting on his life. He is attending the opera with his employer. I suppose I had once aspired to come here and walk among these beautiful, elegant people as one of their own, but that had been long ago, before all my dreams had been dashed like porcelain on paving stones. Now that I was finally here, I felt all the more like a Welsh collier’s brat, as if I were still twelve, nose running, and starting to outgrow my brother’s cast-offs. I was in the right place at the wrong time. Such was the refrain of my life. Some Danger Involved by Will Thomas The first sentence is long and leisurely, suggesting reflection. It contains no fewer than four clauses and numerous phrases. The second sentence has multiple clauses and phrases, but the last two are simple sentences, brusquely bringing the introspection back to the present moment. The second example is from an action paragraph in which the narrator is about to be murdered. The cross spun in a circle, and when it stopped, a pistol was clapped to my head. It was my own revolver. I recognized the filed-down sight. I closed my eyes and felt surprisingly at ease. I was ready to die now. I gave it all over. At that point, I would have preferred a bullet to slow death. Ibid. The first sentence has three clauses joined by the most commonplace conjunctions and and when. The loosely joined clauses suggest a spinning motion. The next two sentences are simple and staccato. Short sentences take the reader along rapidly. They convey the breathlessness felt by the man in danger. The next sentence has two clauses, but they are short and, again, joined by the nearly invisible and. The next three sentences are simple. With the length of the sentences the writer has conveyed both the fear and resignation felt by the narrator. The writer striving for a pleasantly flowing style will vary sentence length and kind, crafting length to thought. Here are some joining words with which to introduce subordinate clauses. Subordinate conjunctions after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, how, if, inasmuch, in order that, lest, now, provided (that),   since, so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while, Conjunctive adverbs accordingly, also, anyway, again, besides, certainly, consequently, contrarily, finally, further, furthermore, elsewhere, hence, henceforth, however, in contrast, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, namely, nevertheless, next, nonetheless, now, otherwise, rather, similarly, so, subsequently, still, that is, then, thereafter, therefore, thus, undoubtedly, yet Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good With20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past"Epidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic

The Effects of Alcohol Abuse on a Diagnostic Imaging Department Dissertation

The Effects of Alcohol Abuse on a Diagnostic Imaging Department - Dissertation Example 15 3.2 Data Analysis 16 3.3 Sampling 17 3.4 Ethical Considerations 17 3.4.1 Informed Consent 17 3.4.2 Ethical Application 17 3.5 Time Frame and Cost 18 3.5.1 Time Frame 18 3.5.2 Associated Costs 19 4.0 Possible Projected Outcomes 21 Reference List 22 1.0 Literature Review 1.1 Introduction In itself, alcohol use is not something that generally leads to heath problems or visits to the hospital. However, alcohol abuse is linked to many health problems, both immediate and cumulative. Alcohol abuse can take many forms from drinking significant amounts of alcohol on a regular basis, to drinking large quantities occasionally (binge drinking). Both forms of alcohol abuse have direct and indirect health consequences. Globally, alcohol is responsible for approximately 1.8 million deaths per year . From 2005 to 2006 in the United Kingdom, more than quarter of a million people were admitted to hospitals for diagnoses related to alcohol. This includes direct effects of alcohol, such as alcohol ov erdose, and indirect effects, such as injuries as the result of driving while intoxicated. The number of alcohol-related admissions has been growing since around 1997, and roughly doubled in the years between 1997 and 2006 . Alcohol consumption is also increasing as a result of values changing and alcohol becoming inexpensive and readily available. The consumption of alcohol has become socially acceptable in many circumstances, and is often encouraged . For example, among young adults and in University settings, there is a strong alcohol drinking culture. These factors make it likely that alcohol consumption will continue to increase, and place pressure on many parts of the healthcare industry. This includes hospital departments who often have to work with people being admitted who are... The essay discusses that in itself, alcohol use is not something that generally leads to heath problems or visits to the hospital. However, alcohol abuse is linked to many health problems, both immediate and cumulative. Alcohol abuse can take many forms from drinking significant amounts of alcohol on a regular basis, to drinking large quantities occasionally (binge drinking). Both forms of alcohol abuse have direct and indirect health consequences. Globally, alcohol is responsible for approximately 1.8 million deaths per year. From 2005 to 2006 in the United Kingdom, more than quarter of a million people were admitted to hospitals for diagnoses related to alcohol. This includes direct effects of alcohol, such as alcohol overdose, and indirect effects, such as injuries as the result of driving while intoxicated. The number of alcohol-related admissions has been growing since around 1997, and roughly doubled in the years between 1997 and 2006. Alcohol consumption is also increasing as a result of values changing and alcohol becoming inexpensive and readily available. The consumption of alcohol has become socially acceptable in many circumstances, and is often encouraged. For example, among young adults and in University settings, there is a strong alcohol drinking culture. These factors make it likely that alcohol consumption will continue to increase, and place pressure on many parts of the healthcare industry. This includes hospital departments who often have to work with people being admitted who are still intoxicated, and who must manage many alcohol-related injuries.

Business Report Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Report - Dissertation Example Moreover, this strategy also depends upon the institutional framework, regulatory and economic development policies. Aim This study will propose and develop several new tourism strategic policies and planning frameworks for Singapore on the basis of imaginary scenario. Bali, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok are the three major international airports near Singapore. These airports have been closed down due to several natural calamities and disasters. The tourism policies and plan will help Singapore to clatter the extra demand from these affected countries. Scope However, it has been identified that the tourism industry in Singapore has incurred significant losses during the global economic slowdown of 2007-09 and after that Asian Financial Crisis era. The growth rate of Singapore’s tourism industry has declined by 9.2 percent in 2010. At that point of time, the Singapore Tourism Board assumed that the country has the potential to attain a target of 17 million international visitorâ₠¬â„¢s arrival. Moreover, the board had a target of 30 billion Singaporean dollar revenue. According to some recent facts, figures and information of tourism industry and present economic scenario, it can be stated that the target would be challenging enough (Bagozzi, Gopinath, & Nyer, 1999, p.12). Growth Rate in Next Five Years The tourism industry of Singapore will feel huge pressure in order to control the crowd of several international and domestic touri sts as the three international airports, such as Bali, Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur have between closed down due to the natural calamities. The tourism industry and government should implement plans and policies collaboratively. Singapore is one of the leading tourist destinations in the South-East Asia (Balderjahn, 1988, p.7). Almost 10 million people used to visit the country in every year. Their modes of transport are airlines and cruise. The next parts will propose several tourism plans and policies and implication of those polic ies. The government should look to increase the number of airport in order to control the increasing number of tourists. Moreover, the government should approve the licensing of casinos. These implications will help the industry to grow in next five years. Moreover, by the implementations of plans and tourism policies, the tourism industry will be able to achieve 100% growth in the first year and 50% in next four years. Answer 1: Identification and Explanation of Policies and Plans In the current situation of declined growth of tourism industry in Singapore, it can be recommended that the tourism board and authorities of the country need to develop and implement several effective strategic policies to boost the growth of this industry. In this report there are few important policies and plans have been recommended for the growth of this industry in Singapore. Five Year Economic Plan Next five year economic plan of Singapore should focus on the development of tourism industry. Under this five year plan, several approaches can be suggested. National tourism policy, rural tourism policy, community based tourism policy and nature based tourism pol

Pl see in details section Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pl see in details section - Essay Example Mental health is â€Å"a state of well being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community† (World Health Organization 2004, citing its earlier work in 2001). Despite the importance of mental health and a claim by Chantrill (2013) that the UK health budget has increased, Healthcare Today (2012) reported that UK government spending for mental health dropped by 1% in 2011-2012. According to Healthcare Today (2012, 2nd paragraph), â€Å"expenditure on mental health for the elderly was particularly affected, decreasing by 3.1% to ?2.83 billion.† II. External Policy Environment and Mental Health in the UK Given an external policy environment of austerity and yet providing the mental health services at high quality, several policy thrusts have been articulated. One of the policy thrust is indicated in the document, Working ou r way to better mental health: A framework for action, produced in 2007. The document recognizes that â€Å"poor mental health is very common† in the United Kingdom (Burnham & Cooper 2007, p. 7). In the estimate of the Secretaries of the Department for Work Pensions and the Department of Health, â€Å"at any one time, one in three of our working-age population may be experiencing some kind of distress or mental health condition such as depression† (Burnham & Cooper 2007, p. 8). This is significantly large and is basically saying that mental health problems are highly prevalent in the working age population. Worst, the document pointed out that â€Å"mental ill-health is now the most common reason for claiming health-related benefits and 86 percent remain on the benefits for more than three months† (Burnham & Cooper 2007, p. 8). Burnham & Cooper (2007) that evidence show that the longer people are out of work because of mental ill-health, the less likely they hav e a chance of returning back to work. This indicates that policy must be designed to allow people with ill mental health to return to work as soon as possible, provided that support mechanisms are in created such that therapy continues while a person is at work. Related to this, the National Mental Health Development Unit (2009a) emphasized that work is good for people with mental problems. It also pointed out that â€Å"people with mental health conditions can and do work, with many thousands of people with mental health conditions working in a broad range of roles† (National Mental Health Development Unit 2009a, p. 4). Thus, the key message of the National Mental Health Development Unit (2009a) material is that â€Å"work is good for mental health and is central to recovery for people with mental health conditions† (p. 4). Meanwhile, McDaid (2008) pointed out that although death rate from suicide in the United Kingdom went down by at least 20% in 2010, the problem is still bad because â€Å"1 in 10 children and young people aged 5-16 had a clinically recognizable mental disorder† (p. 1). Further, 14% of the population of the United Kingdom â€Å"have or had chronic anxiety or depression, and 12% say that they are undergoing medical treatment for this reason.†

Development of Low Cost Microcontroller Based Spirometer

Development of Low Cost Microcontroller Based Spirometer Spirometer is an instrument which is used to measure the volume and capacity of lung. It collects the air expired by the patient to measure the lung volume or capacity. The spirometer has a device attached to it which will measure the movement of gas in and out of chest and this device is called as Spirograph. And in some spirometers spirographs are replaced by printer called Spirogram. In most of the computerized system the spirographs or the spirogram will display the predicted value next to the observed value. Using spirometer various tests are carried out to determine whether the patient is having any respiratory disorder or not.Some of the tests carried out are- Tidal Volume (TV)-The amount of air that is breathed in and out by an individual during normal respiration. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)-The amount of air that is maximally forced out of the lung after maximum inspiration. Forced Expiratory Volume In 1sec (FEV1)- The amount of air that can be maximally forced out of the lung in the first second of forced expiratory manuever. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT To design a low cost microcontroller based spirometer and carry out the various lung functioning tests. To develop a program for the microcontroller to measure the lung volume and display the result digitally on a LCD interfaced with it. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY AUTHORS:  Agarwal.V ,Ramachandran N.C.S,2008,[1] TECHNIQUES USED:  The patient exhales through the mouthpiece where the gas exchange is being acquired as the voltage signal by the transducer(sensor). This signal from the sensor is amplified by an instrumentation amplifier(INA 114). Then the amplified signal is filtered using a low-pass-filter which is then given to a ADC(ADS7812) for digitisation. After digitisation it is given to the microcontroller(Intel) from which the data is displayed on the LCD screen. For further interface for communication on internet ETHERNET device is used. RESULTS:  The output voltage from the amplifier is digitised using ADC which corresponds to the pressure difference across mouthpiece is computed by the microcontroller and displayed on the LCD screen. LIMITATIONS/FUTURE VISION:  In future the system is expected to be inexpensive  medical care for thousands of patient. AUTHORS:  Nagaraja K.A,Nanda.S, 2007,[2] TECHNIQUES USED:  The patient exhales the air through the mouthpiece which consists of a flow sensor, differential pressure sensor, instrumentation amplifier,low pass filter and ADC. The flow sensor relates the velocity and the pressure of air blown if there is no air flow through the sensor the velocity is converted to pressure and this pressure difference is sensed by the difference flow sensor which inturn provide the electrical quantity of the air flow. Inorder to remove noise and amplify the signal an instrumentation amplifier is used. Which is then fed to the band pass filter of the range 0.05Hz to 1.3Hz,where the spirometer lies in the range of 0.1Hz to 12Hz. The filtered signal is digitised using ADC and this data is read by a microcontroller which is then interfaced to a computer. RESULTS:  Various tests are performed and FVC,FEV1 and their ratio are calculated and monitored.Depending on these values we determine whether its normal (or) restrictive (or) obstructive. LIMITATIONS/FUTURE VISION:  Not portable AUTHORS:  Dr.David Van Sickle et.al ,2009,[3] TECHNIQUES USED:  Initially the patient is allowed to expire through the spirometer. The spirometer consists of a pressure sensor(HW 24) which gives a DC voltage as output. This DC voltage is propotional to the pressure drop between the leads which is recorded by the spirometer. This analog data is then converted to digital using ZMD 31014 iLite chip. Microcontroller(PIC18f13k50) is used to convert the digital data to USB. Using mathematical algorithm implemented in the computer it calculates the volume and displays on the screen. RESULTS:  Graphical display of flow vs volume is evaluated and monitored from which the following values can be calculated :PEF,FVC, FEV(t) and FEV1/FVC ratio. LIMITATIONS/FUTURE VISION:  Highly expensive. AUTHORS:  Ovlyaguli et.al,2001[4] TECHNIQUES USED:  The test is performed using wedge bellow type spirometer the FVC and FEV1 data collected are investigated where the test is performed on different patient and are grouped accordingly. Then a mathematical modeling process is carried out based on fuzzy values obtained from the flow graphs. These values for the subject with COPD is compared with healthy subject belonging to same age,sex and height. Then normalized for fuzzy labels Very low,low,Normal,High,Very Highwhich is the generated on rule base and simulated. RESULTS:  Provide the interrelationship between characteristic constants obtained from the curves and degree of disease and FEV1 values are measured. LIMITATIONS/FUTURE VISION:  In future it eliminates the error factors and helps in accurate diagnosis. CHAPTER 3 RESPIRATORY DISORDER: SYMPTOMS CAUSES 3.1 RESPIRATORY DISORDER Respiratory disorder  deals with the  diseases  of the  respiratory system which include diseases of the  lung,  pleural cavity and bronchial  tube. Respiratory diseases range from mild to life-threatening such as  bacterial pneumonia  or  pulmonary embolism which may lead to illness and death. The study of respiratory disease is known as  pulmonology. A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist. Some of the common respiratory diseases are: Inflammatory lung disease. Obstructive lung disease. Restrictive lung disease. Pleural cavity diseases. 3.2 OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE Obstructive lung diseases  are diseases of the lung in which the  bronchial  tubes become narrowed. COPD Two examples for obstructive lung disease are: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease in which the airways become damaged and hence making them narrow. Asthma causes obstruction to the airflow out of the lungs.And the obstruction is reversible.   3.2.1 SYMPTOMS Persistent cough. Sputum  or mucus production. Wheezing. Chest tightness. Tiredness. 3.2.2 CAUSES Smoking. Occupational exposures. Air pollution. Genetics. Autoimmune disease. 3.3 RESITRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE Restrictive lung disease  is also known as  restrictive ventilatory which restricts the lung expansion and there by decreases the lung volume and increases work  of breathing. SYMPTOMS Shortness of breath, cough 3.3.2 CAUSES Asbestos is caused by long-term exposure to asbestos dust. Radiation fibrosis(radiation used for cancer treatment). Rheumatoid arthritis. 3.4 DIAGNOSIS OF ABNORMALITY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM USING FEV1/FVC RATIO In restrictive lung disease, both  FEV1  and  FVC  are reduced so the  FEV1/FVC ratio  is normal. In obstructive lung disease  FEV1  is reduced while the  FVC  is normal thus the  FEV/FVC ratio is lower CHAPTER 4: PRINCIPLE OF WORKING The spirometer consists of a turbine flow sensor containing LED(source) on one side and a photo-diode(detector) on the opposite side.Inbetween the LED and the detector there is a rotor.The rotor is a fan like structure with 3 fins.The above arrangement is present inside a cylindrical case which is opened on both the sides.The LED and the photo-diode are molded with a light weight plastic design inside the case.A mouth piece is fitted on one side and the opposite side is kept open.When the patient blows air inside the mouth piece a pressure difference is created due to the atmospheric air(atmospheric pressure) that enters from the opposite side.A power supply circuit is designed to provide power supply to the spirometer.When the patient exhales through the mouth piece the rotor rotates.Whenever the rotor is in-between the source and the detector the light from the source is not detected by the detector and when the rotor is not in-between them then the light from the source is detecte d by the detector.Each pulse will be detected only if 7ml of gas has been exhaled by the patient.These pulses are then given to the comparator which will give binary output only if the patient is exhaling.And when the patient is not exhaling there is no output from the comparator.This ouput is then given to a microcontroller which is programmed in such a way that it will count the number of pulses from the comparator and these pulses are converted into total number of rotations by dividing them(no of pulses) by 3(since the rotor has 3 fins).These rotations are then used to measure the lung volume.The lung volume is then displayed on a LCD which is interfaced with the microcontroller as digital output. CHAPTER 5:  SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 5.1 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT 5.1.1 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT A 12V and a 5V power supply circuit was implemented. 5.1.1.1 IC 7812 IC 7805 The two ICs are used to provide 12V and 5V supply respectively. 12V from IC7812 is given to the turbine flow sensor. 5V from IC7805 is given to LM324 Microcontroller. 5.1.1.2 STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER Transformer being used is a 230V-step down transformer. It converts AC to AC without any change in frequency. BRIDGE RECTIFIER The diode used is IN4007 which acts as bridge rectifier and converts the given AC current to DC. 5.1.2 SENSOR The sensor used here is FT-330 Turbine flow sensor.The input to the sensor is the air blown by the patient. 5.1.2.1 FEATURES Can withstand temperature upto 80 degree celcius. Molded with electronics and a light weight plastic design. 5.1.2.2 ADVANTAGES Highly accurate. Very compact. Reliable. 5.1.2.3 POTENTIAL DIVIDER AND ZENER DIODE The output of the turbine flow sensor is given to the potential divider. The potential divider will reduce 12V from the turbine flow sensor and allows a reduced voltage to zener diode. The zener diode is used to fix a threshold i.e it allows only voltage within 5V to the comparator. 5.1.2.4 COMPARATOR LM324 acts as a comparator which gives a voltage within 5V(square wave) when the patient exhales through the sensor. And when the patient does not exhale, the comparator output gets reduced to 0V.The output of the comparator is given to the microcontroller. 5.1.2.4.1 FEATURES Internally frequency compensated for unity gain. Large DC voltage gain of 100 dB. Wide bandwidth (unity gain) 1 MHZ. Wide power supply range: Single supply 3V to 32Vor dual supplies  ±1.5V to  ±16V. 5.1.2.4.2 ADVANTAGES Eliminates need for dual supplies. Four internally compensated op amps in a single package. Power drain suitable for battery operation. 5.1.3 MICROCONTROLLER The microcontroller used here is 16F877A. The microcontroller receives input from LM324. The microcontroller is programmed in such a way that it will count the number of pulses from the comparator and these pulses are converted into total number of rotations by dividing them(no of pulses) by 3(since the rotor has 3 fins).These rotations are then used to measure the lung volume(TV,FVC,FEV1). 5.1.3.1 FEATURES RAM=368 bytes EEPROM=256bytes PROGRAM MEMORY=8Kilo bytes I/O PINS=33 5.1.3.2 ADVANTAGES This IC can be reprogrammed and erased up to 10,000 times. It is very cheap. It can also be very easily assembled. Additional components needed to make this IC work is a 5V power supply , 20MHz crystal oscillator and two 22pF capacitors. 5.1.3.3 LCD DISPLAY The output(TV,FVC,FEV1)from the microcontroller is displayed on the LCD according to the program. 5.2 MECHNICAL DESIGN( MATERIALS USED): 5.2.1.TURBINE FLOW SENSOR 5.2.1.1 MODEL FT-330 Turbine flow sensor 5.2.1.2 ADVANTAGE Highly accurate, compact and reliable. 5.2.1.3 FEATURES Can withstand temperature upto 80 degree celcius. Molded with electronics and a light weight plastic design. 5.2.2. MOUTH PIECE Made up of plastic with a diameter of 2cm. CHAPTER 6:  CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 6.1 OVERVIEW OF CIRCUIT WORKING Initially the patient is allowed to blow through the sensor and the output voltage from the sensor is given as input to the potential divider circuit which limits the current to zener diode and which inturn reduces 12V supply from the potential divider o/p and allows only 5V to be given to the inverting terminal of LM324(comparator). Reference voltage is given to pin 3 which gets the feedback from LM324 output. Hence when the patient doesnt blow, a high voltage is received by pin 2(inverting terminal) which is compared with the reference voltage and in this case the i/p voltage >reference voltage and hence we get a low voltage(0V) at the output and no pulse is seen and when the patient blows, i/p voltage CHAPTER 7:  EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 7.1 ALGORITHM Initialize the count to 0. When the patient exhales, the number of pulses from LM324 will be counted i.e.; the count gets incremented. This count is converted into rotations since the rotor has 3 fins, if we get 3 pulse, it is considered as 1 rotation. So by dividing the count by 3 we will get the total number of rotations. The LM324 will give 1 pulse only if 7 ml of gas is exhaled . So the total number of rotations is multiplied by 7 to obtain the lung volume. Initially the flag will be 0.When the patient exhales TV will be displayed. When the reset is done the flag will be 1.Now when the patient exhales FVC will be displayed. When the reset is done again the flag will be 2.Now when the patient exhales FEV1 will be displayed .Again when the reset is done and the patient exhales then TV will be displayed. 7.2 INFERENCE Thus the tests results obtained from the designed spirometer matches with the tests results obtained from the laboratory spirometer. Minor differences in the value is due to effect of surrounding environment and moving air. CHAPTER 8:  CONCLUSION The objective of the project was to design a low cost spirometer for the rural health care centers,private clinicians and primary function laboratories.In order to substantiate the objective of our work, we compared the market price of currently available spirometer(MIR SpiroDoc Spirometer),the starting price of which is around $1974.50. Thus the tests results of four subjects obtained from the designed spirometer was compared with the tests results obtained from HELIOS Pulmonary Function test.The values had some minor differences due to effect of surrounding environment and moving air.But they were of acceptable accuracy.Future work involves interfacing the device with PC and implementation of the product in Telemedicine application for distance monitoring of respiratory parameter. APPENDIX 1 1.1 PIN CONFIGURATION OF LM324(COMPARATOR) Fig 1.1 Ref:www.voltage current.info 1.2 PIN CONFIGURATION OF PIC16F877A Fig 1.2 Ref:http://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/schematic.drawing-program.html 1.3 OVERVIEW OF PIC 16F877A Fig 1.3 Ref:http://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/schematic.drawing-program.html

New England Nun :: essays research papers

Q: New England Nun: Louisa’s Final Decision vs Individualism Theme   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louisa faced a tough decision when Joe Dagget returns home because it seems like whatever love she had for him before he left has faded and now she views her wedding as more of a chore. If she is going to marry someone, it shouldn’t be because of a decision made many years ago, it should be made because she truly loves that person and is willing to spend her whole life with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order for her to marry Joe, she would need to devote her whole life and way of living to suit him and his needs. It seems throughout the story that she very much enjoys the way her life is right now. She enjoys being alone and doing things in a rather methodical way as opposed to having a husband to please and clean up after. It wouldn’t be noble for her to marry Joe and not mean it. Then she would suffer through the marriage, not being free to do what she really wants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mary E. Wilkins used Louisa’s character to project the idea of Individualism. As part of the main them, Louisa goes through her everyday life, dependent on nobody but herself. She also shows her Individualism in the decision she makes to not marry Joe after she hears that he loves Lily Dyer. I think that all she needed was an excuse to get out of the marriage because she wasn’t really fit to be married and share her life with another individual, she was meant to live alone and fend for herself. Throughout the story, Individualism plays a huge role by describing how she has her own routine of sewing and cooking and using her best china to eat. She needs the help of noone and getting married would mean she has someone else to look after and would have to put her own needs second.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ending, in my opinion was a happy one because everyone got what the truly wanted out of it.

The Power of Language

Language is considered to be one of the most important components of culture since it is through language that human beings are able to communicate with each other.   However, there are many different languages for many different parts of the world.   This makes it hard for people from different parts of any culture with different language to communicate with each other.   Thus, studying or learning another’s language is as much a part of us as reading books is. Learning a new language is an integral part of becoming at home in a new or another country.   Stepping into another country or territory wherein another language is used, you feel as if you are the only person who can understand yourself.   You feel like an alien.   You feel alone. But when you finally learn the language, it makes you feel happy and satisfied, as if you have just received an award or finished the most difficult project you have encountered.   But your contentment doubles when you learn to use it effectively when communicating with other people.   You no longer feel alone.   You feel that, at last, someone understands what you are trying to say. Amy Tan’s article, Mother Tongue, talks about how her mother’s â€Å"broken† English finally led her to realize that the more important thing in learning a language is not speaking or writing it perfectly, with all the difficult words and grammatical correctness.   She realized that the more important thing is to speak or write a language wherein most people can understand it. When she wrote her novel The Joy Luck Club, she intended to use difficult words, phrases and metaphors because she thought this is how she can prove to most people that second-language learners do not just excel in sciences or mathematics wherein there is a common language use.   However, as she went on writing, she began to realize that she should think about the readers and how they would feel or think about her stories.   She envisioned that reader to be her mother. This is the point when she finally understands that she should â€Å"water down† the English she is using to make her mother understand what she was trying to say.   That is, it is more important to capture the essence of what her mother’s language ability cannot reveal — the intent, passion and imagery her mother was trying to get across. Tan summarizes her personal experience and feelings in learning English in her last paragraph in Mother Tongue: Apart from what any critic had to say about my writing, I knew I had succeeded where it counted when my mother finished reading my book and gave me her verdict: â€Å"So easy to read.† (476) Another article that tells a story of how difficult it is to learn a new language is Malcolm X’s Coming to an Awareness of Language.   To Malcolm X, what makes it harder is to learn to communicate it to people effectively.   In this brief autobiography, he mentioned how he would write to hustlers, presidents, and people in the streets to communicate about Allah.   He gives speeches and talks in conferences.   One look from him and you’d think that he went to school and got beyond eighth grade.   But he attributes all his knowledge in the English language to his serving his time in prison. Malcom X tells how hard he tried to learn the English language.   All of his motivation to learn the English language came from his envy to Bimbi.   He tried to emulate him by conversing with him in English and reading books in English.   But then, he cannot understand most of the words and sentences in the books he picked.   He would skip the difficult words so he ended up not understanding what the book really said.   What he did is that he got hold of a dictionary and started to write everything each day from each page. This is how he learned not just new and difficult words but some history and facts as well.   Malcom X’s autobiography tries to tell us that no matter how hard it is to learn a new language (or just to learn something), it makes you feel satisfied and free after you know you have finally understood it. David Sedaris’ Me Talk Pretty One Day also describes how he painstakingly learned a new language — the French language this time.   He enrolled in Alliance Francaise to study French only to discover that his teacher is, as he called it, a wild animal.   It was only the first day of class and he and his classmates were already grilled in using the French they knew about by telling about themselves in French. All of them were called to introduce themselves but not one of them was saved by the sadistic teacher who made fun of their French.   His fears and discomfort that he felt as a child all came running back to him as if he was being a kindergarten all over again.   But then, no matter how his teacher tried to insult his laziness, he would only be studying more. Learning a new language can be tricky and very difficult especially for first-timers.   There are times when, as Sedaris described, we would prefer to hide behind stores and cash registers and avoid asking trivial questions in another language.   But all this is learning.   Learning is, indeed hard and tricky, but when we finally learned, it is very satisfying.   In learning a new language, it is very satisfying in the sense that when we finally learned and mastered another language, we know that more people can understand us.   We feel gratified that we have earned the rewards of the hardships we have experienced.   And most of all, we feel a sense of belongingness. Works Cited Malcom X. â€Å"Coming to an Awareness of Language.† Sedaris, David. â€Å"Me Talk Pretty One Day.† 2000. Tan, Amy. â€Å"Mother Tongue.† The Power of Language Language is considered to be one of the most important components of culture since it is through language that human beings are able to communicate with each other.   However, there are many different languages for many different parts of the world.   This makes it hard for people from different parts of any culture with different language to communicate with each other.   Thus, studying or learning another’s language is as much a part of us as reading books is. Learning a new language is an integral part of becoming at home in a new or another country.   Stepping into another country or territory wherein another language is used, you feel as if you are the only person who can understand yourself.   You feel like an alien.   You feel alone. But when you finally learn the language, it makes you feel happy and satisfied, as if you have just received an award or finished the most difficult project you have encountered.   But your contentment doubles when you learn to use it effectively when communicating with other people.   You no longer feel alone.   You feel that, at last, someone understands what you are trying to say. Amy Tan’s article, Mother Tongue, talks about how her mother’s â€Å"broken† English finally led her to realize that the more important thing in learning a language is not speaking or writing it perfectly, with all the difficult words and grammatical correctness.   She realized that the more important thing is to speak or write a language wherein most people can understand it. When she wrote her novel The Joy Luck Club, she intended to use difficult words, phrases and metaphors because she thought this is how she can prove to most people that second-language learners do not just excel in sciences or mathematics wherein there is a common language use.   However, as she went on writing, she began to realize that she should think about the readers and how they would feel or think about her stories.   She envisioned that reader to be her mother. This is the point when she finally understands that she should â€Å"water down† the English she is using to make her mother understand what she was trying to say.   That is, it is more important to capture the essence of what her mother’s language ability cannot reveal — the intent, passion and imagery her mother was trying to get across. Tan summarizes her personal experience and feelings in learning English in her last paragraph in Mother Tongue: Apart from what any critic had to say about my writing, I knew I had succeeded where it counted when my mother finished reading my book and gave me her verdict: â€Å"So easy to read.† (476) Another article that tells a story of how difficult it is to learn a new language is Malcolm X’s Coming to an Awareness of Language.   To Malcolm X, what makes it harder is to learn to communicate it to people effectively.   In this brief autobiography, he mentioned how he would write to hustlers, presidents, and people in the streets to communicate about Allah.   He gives speeches and talks in conferences.   One look from him and you’d think that he went to school and got beyond eighth grade.   But he attributes all his knowledge in the English language to his serving his time in prison. Malcom X tells how hard he tried to learn the English language.   All of his motivation to learn the English language came from his envy to Bimbi.   He tried to emulate him by conversing with him in English and reading books in English.   But then, he cannot understand most of the words and sentences in the books he picked.   He would skip the difficult words so he ended up not understanding what the book really said.   What he did is that he got hold of a dictionary and started to write everything each day from each page. This is how he learned not just new and difficult words but some history and facts as well.   Malcom X’s autobiography tries to tell us that no matter how hard it is to learn a new language (or just to learn something), it makes you feel satisfied and free after you know you have finally understood it. David Sedaris’ Me Talk Pretty One Day also describes how he painstakingly learned a new language — the French language this time.   He enrolled in Alliance Francaise to study French only to discover that his teacher is, as he called it, a wild animal.   It was only the first day of class and he and his classmates were already grilled in using the French they knew about by telling about themselves in French. All of them were called to introduce themselves but not one of them was saved by the sadistic teacher who made fun of their French.   His fears and discomfort that he felt as a child all came running back to him as if he was being a kindergarten all over again.   But then, no matter how his teacher tried to insult his laziness, he would only be studying more. Learning a new language can be tricky and very difficult especially for first-timers.   There are times when, as Sedaris described, we would prefer to hide behind stores and cash registers and avoid asking trivial questions in another language.   But all this is learning.   Learning is, indeed hard and tricky, but when we finally learned, it is very satisfying.   In learning a new language, it is very satisfying in the sense that when we finally learned and mastered another language, we know that more people can understand us.   We feel gratified that we have earned the rewards of the hardships we have experienced.   And most of all, we feel a sense of belongingness. Works Cited Malcom X. â€Å"Coming to an Awareness of Language.† Sedaris, David. â€Å"Me Talk Pretty One Day.† 2000. Tan, Amy. â€Å"Mother Tongue.†

Learn About Orb Weaver Spiders, Family Araneidae

Learn About Orb Weaver Spiders, Family Araneidae When you think of a spider, you probably picture a big, round web with its resident spider poised in the center, waiting for a hapless fly to land in the webs sticky strands. With few exceptions, you would be thinking of an orb weaver spider of the family Araneidae. The orb weavers are one of the three largest spider groups. The Family Araneidae The family Araneidae is diverse; orb weavers vary in colors, sizes, and shapes. The webs of orb weavers consist of radial strands, like spokes of a wheel, and concentric circles. Most orb weavers build their webs vertically, attaching them to branches, stems, or manmade structures. Araneidae webs may be quite large, spanning several feet in width. All members of the family Araneidae possess eight similar eyes, arranged in two rows of four eyes each. Despite this, they have rather poor eyesight and rely on vibrations within the web to alert them to meals. Orb weavers have four to six spinnerets, from which they produce strands of silk. Many orb weavers are brightly colored and have hairy or spiny legs. Classification of Orb Weavers Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass – ArachnidaOrder – AraneaeFamily - Araneidae The Orb Weaver Diet Like all spiders, orb weavers are carnivores. They feed primarily on insects and other small organisms entrapped in their sticky webs. Some larger orb weavers may even consume hummingbirds or frogs they’ve successfully ensnared. The Orb Weaver Life Cycle Male orb weavers occupy most of their time with finding a mate. Most males are much smaller than females, and after mating may become her next meal. The female waits on or near her web, letting the males come to her. She lays eggs in clutches of several hundred, encased in a sac. In areas with cold winters, the female orb weaver will lay a large clutch in the fall and wrap it in thick silk. She will die when the first frost arrives, leaving her babies to hatch in the spring. Orb weavers live one to two years, on average. Special Orb Weaver Adaptations and Defenses The orb weavers web is a masterful creation, designed to ensnare meals efficiently. The spokes of the web are primarily non-sticky silk and serve as walkways for the spider to move about the web. The circular strands do the dirty work. Insects become stuck to these sticky threads on contact. Most orb weavers are nocturnal. During daylight hours, the spider may retreat to a nearby branch or leaf but will spin a trapline from the web. Any slight vibration of the web will travel down the trapline, alerting her to a potential catch. The orb weaver possesses venom, which she uses to immobilize her prey. When threatened by people or most anything larger than herself, an orb weavers first response is to flee. Rarely, if handled, will she bite; when she does, the bite is mild. Orb Weaver Range and Distribution Orb weaver spiders live throughout the world, with the exceptions of the Arctic and Antarctic regions. In North America, there are approximately 180 species of orb weavers. Worldwide, arachnologists describe over 3,500 species in the family Araneidae.

Human Resoures Essays

Human Resoures Essays Human Resoures Essay Human Resoures Essay Providing medical and retirement benefits of some sort remains almost obligatory for many (e. G. , large) employers. (3) Benefits programs are much more complex than most compensation programs. Benefits rules and their advantages and disadvantages are very difficult to communicate and understand, particularly if an employee does not have experience with using their benefits. (Pages 562 563) Discuss the Social Security Act of 1935. The Social Security Act of 1935 was the establishment of old-age insurance and unemployment insurance. The act was later amended to add survivors insurance, disability Insurance. Hospital insurance, and supplemental medical insurance. Together, these provisions constitute the federal Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (ASIDE) program. Over 90 percent of U. S. Workers are covered by this program. The mall exceptions being railroad, federal, state, and local government employees. An individual employee must meet certain eligibility requirements to be covered. To be fully Insured typically requires 40 quarters of covered employment and minimum earnings of $1 , 120 per quarter in 2011 Social Security retirement (old-age insurance) benefits for fully insured workers begin at age 65 years and 6 months (full benefits) r age 62 (at a permanent reduction In benefits) for those born In 1940. (Pages 567 568) Discuss defined benefit and defined contribution plans. A defined benefit plan guarantees a specified retirement benefit level to employees based typically on a combination of years of service and age as well as on the employees earnings level. The plan insulates employees from investment risk, which is borne by the company. In the event of severe financial difficulties that force a company to terminate or reduce employee pension benefits, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation provides some protection of benefits. A defined contribution plan does not promise a specific benefit level for employees upon retirement. Rather, an Individual account Is set up for each employee with a guaranteed size of contribution. The advantage of such plans for employers is that they shift investment risks to employees and present fewer administrative challenges because there is no need to calculate payments based on age and service and no need to make payments to the BGP. While many companies have both types of plans, defined contributions re much more prevalent within small companies. Page 1 AT 1 (Pages 569 570) As a manager, what retirement plan will you incorporate in order to combine the advantages of defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans? One way to combine the advantages of defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans is to use a cash balance plan. This type of retirement plan consists of individual accounts, as in a 401(k) plan. But in contrast to a 401(k), all the contributions come from the employer. Usually, the employer contributes a percentage of the employees salary, say, 4% or 5%. The money in the cash balance plan earns interest according to a predetermined rate, such as the rate paid on U. S. Treasury bills. Employers guarantee this rate as in a defined benefit plan. This arrangement helps employers plan their contributions and helps employees predict their retirement benefits. If employees change Jobs, they generally can roll over the balance into an individual retirement account. (Pages 573 574) U. S. Companies increasingly provide some form of child care support to their employees. Discuss. U. S. Companies increasingly provide some form of child care support to their employees. This support comes in several forms that vary in their degree of organizational involvement. The lowest level of involvement, offered by 36% of companies, is when an organization supplies and helps employees collect information about the cost and quality of available child care. At the next level, organizations provide vouchers or discounts for employees to use at existing child care facilities (5% of companies). At the highest level, firms provide child care at or near their worksheet (9% of companies). (Pages 575 576) What advice would you give an employer who is about to make hanged to his benefits program in attempt to control costs? It is useful to consider three factors when thinking about cost control strategies: (1) The larger the cost of a benefit category, the greater the opportunity for savings. This explains why many employers have targeted medical benefits for restructuring. (2) The growth trajectory of the benefit is also important. Even if costs are currently acceptable, the rate of growth may result in serious future costs. (3) Cost containment efforts can only work to the extent that the employer has significant discretion in hosing how much to spend in a benefit category. For example, an employer cannot make changes to legally mandated benefit programs. (Pages 578 579) Discuss the concepts of Homos and POS. Health maintenance organizations (Homos) and preferred provider organizations Page 2 of 13 (POS) are alternative health-care providers to the traditional fee-for-service health care allover systems. Homos pay Neal-care workers on a Nat salary Dads. I nee focus on preventive care, encourage outpatient treatment, and require employees to use only HOMO services. Employers contract with Homos to provide benefits on a repaid basis. POS are essentially groups of health-care providers who contract with employers or insurance companies to provide health care at a reduced fee. They differ from Homos in that they do not provide benefits on a prepaid basis and employees often are not required to use preferred providers. Instead, employers may provide incentives for employees to choose, for example, a physician who participates in the plan. In general, POS seem to be less expensive than traditional delivery systems, but more expensive than Homos. Pages 586 588) What potential risks do employers run when they choose to offer a legible benefits (cafeteria-style) plan? (1) High administrative costs, especially in the initial design and start-up stages. (2) Adverse selection. Employees are most likely to choose benefits they expect to use. As a result, employer costs can potentially increase significantly. Adverse selection also makes it difficult for the employer to estimate what benefits costs will be under the plan, e specially in small companies. (3) Employee dissatisfaction. Employers run the risk with flexible benefits plans that employees will select choices that will turn out poorly. As a result, employee dissatisfaction might increase. (Page 588) Discuss flexible spending accounts, citing their purpose, benefits, and drawbacks. A flexible spending account permits pretax contributions to an employee account that can be drawn on to pay for uncovered health care expenses (like deductible or coinsurance payments). A separate account of up to $5,000 per year is permitted for pretax contributions to cover dependent care expenses. The major benefit of such plans is the increase in take-home pay that results from pretax payment of health and dependent care expenses. The major drawbacks to such plans include the fact that funds must be earmarked in advance and spent during the plan year. Remaining funds revert to the employer; therefore, the accounts work best to the extent that employees have predictable expenses. (Pages 589 590) Discuss the Financial Accounting Statement (FAST) 106 rule. Financial Accounting Statement (FAST) 106, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, became effective in 1993. This rule requires that any benefits (excluding pensions) provided after retirement (the major one being health care) can no longer be funded on a pay-as-you-go basis. Rather, they must be paid on an accrual basis, and companies must enter these future cost obligations on their financial Page 3 of 13 spring 2014 statements. The effect on financial statements can be substantial. Multiple Choice Questions (Page 558) Although direct compensation is subject to government regulation, the scope Ana Impact AT regulation on Dentists Is Tar greater. Organizations so typically offer them that they have come to be institutionalized. Providing medical and retirement benefits of some sort remains almost obligatory for many (e. G. , large) employers. A large employer that did not offer such benefits to its full-time employees would be highly unusual. Benefits programs are much more complex than most compensation programs. (Pages 558 559) One reason for giving more responsibility to employees for retirement planning and other benefits is to increase their understanding of the value of such benefits. Page 560) The tax treatment of benefits programs is often more favorable for employees than the tax treatment of wages and salaries, meaning that a dollar spent on benefits has the potential to generate more value for the employees than the name dollar spent on wages and salaries. The marginal tax rate is the percentage of additional earnings that goes to taxes. (Pages 560 561) A factor that has influenced benefits growth is the cost advantage that groups typically realize over individuals. Organizations that represent large groups of employees can purchase insurance (or self-insure) at a lower rate because of economies of scale, which spread fixed costs over more employees to reduce the cost per person. Insurance risks can be more easily pooled in large groups, and large groups can also achieve greater bargaining power in dealing with insurance carriers r medical providers. (Pages 561 562) Most benefits fall into one of the following categories: social insurance, private group insurance, retirement, pay for time not worked, and familiarity policies. The percentage of employees covered by benefits programs increases with establishment size. Among the largest employers, these percentages would be higher still. Benefits and total compensation costs also increase with establishment size. (Page 562) Among the most important provisions of the Social Security Act of 1935 was the establishment of old-age insurance and unemployment insurance. The act was later Page 4 of 13 mended to add survivors insurance (1939), disability insurance (1956), hospital insurance (Medicare Part A, 1965), and supplementary medical insurance (Medicare Part B, 1965) for the elderly. Pages 562 563) More than 90% of U. S. Employees are covered by the program, the main exceptions being railroad and federal, state, and local government employees, who often have their own plans. Note, however, that an individual employee must meet certain eligibility requirements to receive benefits. Social Security retirement (old-age insurance) benefits for fully insured worker s begin at age 65 years and 6 months (full benefits). Although the amount of the benefit depends on ones earnings history, benefits go up very little after a certain level; thus high earners help subsidize benefit payments to low earners. Page 563) Cost-of-living increases are provided each year that the consumer price Index Increases. (Page 563) An important attribute of the Social Security retirement benefit is that it is free from state tax in about half of the states and entirely free from federal tax. However, the federal tax code has an earnings test for those who are still earning wages (and not yet at full retirement age). The earnings test increases a persons incentive to retire (otherwise full Social Security benefits are not received), and if she continues to work, the incentive to work part-time rather than full-time increases. Page 563) Established by the 1935 Social Security Act, unemployment insurance program has four major objectives: (1) to offset lost income during involuntary unemployment, (2) to help unemployed workers find new Jobs, (3) to provide an incentive for employers to stabilize employment, and (4) to preserve investments in worker skills by providing income during short-term layoffs (which allows workers to turn to their employer rather than start over with another employer). (Page 564) The unemployment insurance program is financed largely through federal and state taxes on employers. Page 564) Unemployed workers are eligible for benefits if they (1) have a prior attachment to the workforce (often 52 weeks or four quarters of work at a minimum level of pay); (2) are available for work; (3) are actively seeking work (including registering at the local unemployment office); and (4) were not discharged for cause (such as willful Page 5 of 13 misconduct), did not quit voluntarily, and are not out of work because of a labor spite. (Page 564) Workers compensation benefits fall into four major categories: (1) disability income, (2) medi cal care, (3) death benefits, and (4) rehabilitative services. Page 564) Employees are not covered when injuries are self-inflicted or stem from intoxication or willful disregard of safety rules. Approximately 90% of all U. S. Workers are covered by state workers compensation laws. Workers compensation benefits fall into four major categories: (1) disability income, (2) medical care, (3) death benefits, and (4) rehabilitative services. The system is financed differently by efferent states, some having a single state fund, most allowing employers to purchase coverage from private insurance companies. Self-funding by employers is also permitted in most states. (Page 565) The cost to the employer is based on three factors. The first factor is the nature of the occupations and the risk attached to each. The second factor is the state where work is located. The third factor is the employers experience rating. (Page 565) Group insurance rates are typically lower than individual rates because of economies of scale, the ability to pool risks, and the rater bargaining power of a group. This cost advantage, together with tax considerations and a concern for employee security, helps explain the prevalence of employer-sponsored insurance plans. (Page 565) The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) of 1985 requires employers to permit employees to extend their health insurance coverage at group rates for up to 36 months following a qualifying event, such as a layoff. (Page 1) Social security remains ten largest single component AT ten elderly overall retirement income (39 percent), while private pensions constitute 18 percent, and earnings from assets constitution percent. The remainder of the elderly income comes from earnings (24 percent) and other sources (3 percent). (Page 567) The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ARISE) of 1974 increased the fiduciary responsibilities of pension plan trustees, established vesting rights and portability provisions, and established the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation Page 6 of 13 (BGP). (Page 567) A defined benefit plan guarantees a specified retirement benefit level to employees based typically on a combination of years of service and age as well as on the employees earnings level. Pages 567 568) Established by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ARISE) of 1974, the BGP guarantees a basic benefit, not necessarily complete pension benefit replacement. Payouts are not adjusted for cost-of-living changes. The BGP is funded by an annual contribution of $35 per (single-employer) plan participant, plus an additional variable rate premium for underfeed plans. The BGP does not guarantee health care benefits. (Page 568) Profit sharing plans and employee stock ownership plans are also often used as retirement vehicles. Both permit contributions (cash and stock, respectively) o vary from year to year, thus allowing employers to avoid fixed obligations that may be burdensome in difficult financial times. (Page 568) Defined contribution plans shift the investment risk to employees, have fewer administrative challenges and do not require payments to the BGP. They are preferred in smaller companies, perhaps because of small employers desire to avoid long-term obligations or perhaps because small companies tend to be younger, often being founded since the trend toward defined contribution plans. Defined contribution plans continue to grow in importance, while, defined benefit plans have come less common. (Page 568) Defined contribution plans do not promise a specific benefit level for employees upon retirement. Rather, an individual account is set up for each employee with a guaranteed size of contribution. (Page 568) Section 401 (k) plans (named after the tax code section) permit employees to defer compensation on a pretax basis. (Page 568) Defined contribution plans put the responsibility for wise investing squarely Page 7 of 13 on the shoulders of the employee. Page 568) The age at which investments are made, the different historical rates of turn AT Deterrent Investments, Ana ten need Tort Elaborations In order to counteract investment risk, affect the amount of income a person will receive upon retirement. (Page 569) The Pension Protection Act of 2006 requires defined contribution plans holding publicly traded securities to provide employees with (1) the opportunity to divest employer securities and (2) at least three investment options other than employer securities. Page 570) A cash balance requires contributions from the employer only and is most generous to young employees who have many years ahead in which to earn interest. If employees change Jobs, they generally can roll over the balance into an individual retirement account. (Page 570) ARISE guarantees employees that when they become participants in a pension plan and work a specified minimum number of years, they earn a right to a pension upon retirement. These are referred to as vesting rights. Page 570) A summary plan description (SPED) describes the plans funding, eligibility requirements, and risks. (Page 570) Vested employees have the right to their pension at retirement age, regardless of whether they remain with the employer until that time. Employee intuitions to their own plans are always completely vested. The vesting of moneylender pension benefits must take place under one of two schedules. (Page 571) If more mobility across employers becomes necessary or desirable, the current pension systems incentives against (or penalties for) mobility may require modification. Increased employee mobility will reinforce the continued trend toward defined contribution plans [like 401 (k)s], which have greater portability (ease of transfer of funds) across employers. Page 8 of 13 (Page 572) Sick leave programs often provide full salary replacement for a limited erred of time, usually not exceeding 26 weeks. The amount of sick leave is often based on length of service, accumulating with service (one day per month, for example). Sick leave policies need to be carefully structured to avoid providing employees with the wrong incentives. (Page 572) The employer pays the employee for time not spent working, receiving no tangible production value in return. Therefore, some employers may see little direct advantage. There is no legal minimum in the United States, but 10 days is typical for large companies. Sick leave programs often provide full salary replacement. Vacation and other paid leave practices differ across countries and thus contributes to the differences in labor costs. Page 572) To ease employees conflicts between work and non-work, organizations may use family-friendly policies such as family leave policies and child care. These programs often have spillover effects on other employees, who see them as symbolizing a general corporate concern for human resources, thus promoting loyalty even among employee groups Tanat AAA not use ten programs possibly resulting in improved organizational performance. E vidence suggests that firms using family- roundly policies have better quality management practices overall that are positively associated with organization performance. Pages 572 573) Since 1993 the Family and Medical Leave Act requires organizations with 50 or more employees within a 75-mile radius to provide as much as 12 weeks of unpaid leave after childbirth or adoption; to care for a seriously ill child, spouse, or parent; or for an employees own serious illness. Employees are guaranteed the same or a comparable Job on their return to work. Employees with less than one year of service or who work under 25 hours per week or who are among the 10% highest aid are not covered. Pages 572 573) Since 1993, the Family and Medical Leave Act requires organizations parent; or for an employees own serious illness. Employees with less than one year of service or who work under 25 hours per week or who are among the 10% highest Page 9 of 13 (Page 573) The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1 978 requires employers that offer disability plans to treat pregnancy as they would any other disability. (Page 574) The lowest level of involvement is when an organization supplies and helps employees collect information about the cost and quality of available child care. At the next level, care facilities. At the highest level, firms provide child care at or near their worksheet. (Page 575) Survey information on benefits packages is available from private consultants, the U. S. Chamber of Commerce, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLESS). (Page 576) One benefit-?medical and other insurance-?stands out as a target for cost control for two reasons. Its costs are substantial; they have, except for the 1994 to 1999 period, grown at a significant pace, and this growth is expected to continue. Second, employers have many options for attacking costs and improving quality. Page 578) Homos differ from more traditional providers by focusing on preventive care and outpatient treatment, requiring employees to use only HOMO services, and providing benefits on a prepaid basis. Many Homos pay physicians and other health care workers a flat salary instead of using the traditional fee-for-service system, under which a physicians pay may depend on the number of patients seen. (Pages 578 579) Plan design has been used to shift costs to employees through the use of deductibles, coinsurance, exclusions and limitations, and maximum benefits. Refer To: Table 13. 7 Page 579) POS differ from Homos in that they do not provide benefits on a prepaid basis and employees often are not required to use the preferred providers. Instead, employers may provoke Incentives Tort employees to condos, Tort example, a Pensacola who participates in the plan. In general, POS seem to be less expensive than traditional delivery systems but more expensive than Homos. (Page 579) Employee wellness programs (Peps) focus on changing behaviors both on Page 10 of 13 and off work time that could eventually lead to future health problems. Page 580) Active wellness centers assume that behavior change requires not only awareness ND opportunity but support and reinforcement. (Page 580) One kind of active wellness center is the outreach and follow-up model. This type of wellness center contains all the features of a passive model, but it also has counselors who handle one-on-one outreach and provide tailored, individualized programs for employees. (Page 58 1) All models are effective in reducing the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (obesity, high blood pressure, smoking, and lack of exercise). However, the follow-up model is significantly better than the rest in reducing the risk factors. Page 582) Piecemeal programs may not work well because steps to control one aspect (such as medical cost shifting) may lead employees to migrate to other programs that provide medical treatment at no cost to them (like workers compensation). (Page 583) Employers may be more likely to classify workers as independent contractors rather than employees, which eliminates the employers obligation to provide legally required employee benefits. Page 583) A workforce with a high percentage of women of childbearing age may care more about disability leave. (Page 585) Organizations are increasingly using web-based tools to personalize and aileron communications to individual employees. In addition, effective use of traditional approaches (e. G. , booklets) can have a large effect on employee awareness. (Page 58) Teleconference messaging is used to provide information on benefits and changes. Meeting s are used for local employees.